Dry eye syndrome and itchy eyes are prevalent symptoms linked to allergies. Additionally, certain antihistamines can exacerbate the issue by causing further eye dryness. The dryness of the eyes can result in symptoms such as tearing, redness, and a burning sensation.
In the United States, dry eyes affect an estimated 16 million individuals. Various factors contribute to dry eyes, including environmental allergens and irritants like tobacco smoke or pollen.
There are five major types of allergic conditions that can impact eye health. As outlined by the ACAAI, these are:
- Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis or year-round variations
- Spring catarrh, also known as vernal keratoconjunctivitis
- Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, associated with eczema and other skin allergies
- Contact allergic conjunctivitis, from irritants like contact lens solutions or makeup
- Giant papillary conjunctivitis, often in relation to contact lens use
This discussion delves into dry eyes induced by allergies, exploring the associated symptoms and causes, as well as strategies for treatment and prevention.
Dry eye causes
Dry eyes can arise due to various factors, influenced by environmental conditions, specific medications in use, as well as certain health issues.
As the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) notes, dry eyes might result from:
- Exposure to dry climates or strong winds.
- Exposure to smoke.
- Diseases such as disorders affecting the thyroid, or rheumatic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
- Extended wear of contact lenses.
- Prolonged periods of screen time without breaks.
- Side effects from certain medications, including antihistamines, antacids, beta-blockers, drugs for depression, or anti-anxiety medications.
- A consequence of surgical procedures.
Allergy-induced dry eyes or irritation may be triggered by:
- Animal fur or dander.
- Pollens from various vegetation such as trees, grass, or weeds.
- Gases and particles from vehicle emissions.
- Common dust mites found in homes.
- Tobacco smoke.
- Molds present in damp areas.
- Scents from perfumes or fragrant products.
Dry eye symptoms
When encountering dryness in the eyes due to allergens or other triggers, individuals may notice symptoms such as:
- Itchiness in the eyes.
- Sensation of a foreign body in the eye.
- Redness in or around the eyes.
- Excessive tearing or watery eyes.
- A stinging or burning feeling.
According to the National Eye Institute, additional symptoms may include blurred vision and a heightened sensitivity to light.
Symptoms Based on Allergic Response
Eye discomfort resulting from allergies may present a variety of symptoms, and individuals with concurrent seasonal allergies might also suffer from nasal congestion or a scratchy throat.
Symptoms Associated with Perennial or Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis
When allergies like pollen are the culprits behind eye-related allergies, symptoms that might emerge include:
- A sensation of burning.
- Itchiness.
- Abundant tear flow.
- Reddened eyes.
Symptoms Linked to Vernal and Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis are more intense forms of eye allergies, typically affecting young males with a background of eczema or asthma.
While the two conditions share many characteristics, atopic keratoconjunctivitis generally troubles older males with past atopic dermatitis or eczema issues.
These conditions cause symptoms that persist throughout the year but may intensify seasonally. Indications include:
- Feeling of foreign material in the eye.
- Extreme sensitivity to light.
- Itching.
- Thick mucus or discharge around the eyes.
Symptoms Relating to Contact Allergic and Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Contact allergic conjunctivitis surfaces when the eye is exposed to a foreign object, such as a contact lens, leading to symptoms like:
- Discomfort or unease while wearing contact lenses.
- Itching.
- Redness.
- Mucus secretion.
Giant papillary conjunctivitis is an aggravated form of contact allergic conjunctivitis, where individuals might additionally experience:
- Sensation of a foreign substance in the eye.
- Blurred vision.
- Eyelid swelling.
Dry eye treatment
Individuals can implement several strategies at home to alleviate dry eyes, utilizing a blend of environmental control and over-the-counter (OTC) along with prescription remedies.
The ACAAI proposes diminishing allergen exposure indoors by:
- Switching to eyeglasses instead of contact lenses.
- Thorough hand washing after interacting with pets.
- Employing a humidifier to keep mold at bay in the home.
- Staying indoors as much as feasible during peak pollen seasons and keeping windows closed.
- Wearing protective eyewear outdoors to block pollen entry.
- Using dust mite-resistant beddings and maintaining cleanliness in living spaces.
- Cleansing the face following exposure to allergens.
Beyond allergen avoidance, people can consult their healthcare provider about available OTC and prescribed treatments for dry eyes, including options like:
- Decongestant eye drops.
- Synthetic tear solutions.
- Oral antihistamines — though they might exacerbate dryness.
- Allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots).
- Pharmaceutical-grade eye drops.
- Non-sedating prescription antihistamines.
When to consult a doctor
Given the array of factors that can induce dry eyes, individuals should seek medical advice if they experience persistent or unresolving symptoms. A healthcare provider can examine for other underlying causes and offer a proper diagnosis.
During an evaluation, healthcare providers typically inquire about the patient’s symptoms and perform an ocular examination. The American Optometric Association (AOA) notes that providers are likely to assess:
- The external appearance of the eye, including lid structure and blink dynamics.
- The health of the eyelids and cornea using bright light and magnification tools.
- The volume of tear production exhibited by the patient.
- The tear film quality to determine adequate lubrication.
In cases where allergies are suspected to contribute to dry eyes, a healthcare provider may suggest undergoing an allergy assessment.
Frequently asked questions
When is it necessary to use allergy drops for dry eyes?
While dry eyes can be a symptom of seasonal allergies, they are often accompanied by additional signs like itching, excess tearing or swelling of the eyelids. If these symptoms are present, the issue is likely related to allergies, and allergy eye drops may be helpful.
Does dust contribute to dry eyes?
Dust, as a frequent allergen, can cause eye irritation and contribute to the dryness of the eyes. It can also accumulate on the eye’s surface, impeding the proper function of the tear ducts to keep the eye moist.
Which type of antihistamine is less likely to cause dry eyes?
Typically, it’s the oral antihistamines that have a higher likelihood of exacerbating dry eye symptoms because they can reduce tear production. Eye drops usually don’t induce dryness if used in moderation to alleviate symptoms. Excessive usage, however, might lead to dryness.
Can dry eyes with symptoms of allergies be related to COVID-19?
According to recent studies, SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind COVID-19, may cause a condition resembling dry eyes known as small fiber neuropathy on the eye’s surface. Nonetheless, further research is needed to pin down the frequency at which the virus might trigger such symptoms.
